what are solid state batteries made of？

Solid-state batteries are similar in concept to lithium-ion batteries, but instead of using a liquid electrolyte, they use a solid electrolyte. Their main components are:

1. Cathode (Positive Electrode)

• Often based on lithium compounds, similar to today’s lithium-ion batteries.

• Examples:

  • Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂)

  • Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄)

  • Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)

• Some solid-state designs also explore high-voltage or sulfur-based cathodes.

2. Anode (Negative Electrode)

• Can use lithium metal, which has a much higher energy density than graphite anodes in conventional Li-ion batteries.

• Other possibilities:

  • Graphite (like in current batteries)

  • Silicon composites

  • Lithium titanate (LTO) for fast charging applications

3. Solid Electrolyte

This is the key difference. Instead of liquid, the ion-carrying medium is solid. Main types include:

• Ceramics (oxide-based, sulfide-based, garnet-type, perovskite-type)

• Polymers (solid polymers with lithium salts)

• Composite electrolytes (combination of ceramics and polymers)

4. Separator

• In many solid-state designs, the solid electrolyte also acts as the separator, preventing short circuits between the anode and cathode.

In short: Solid-state batteries are typically made of a lithium metal or graphite anode, a lithium-based cathode, and a solid electrolyte (ceramic, polymer, or composite).