Avhareji Yehupenyu Hwese Nerudzi rweBattery (Data ra2025)
Kana zvasvika kumabhatiri emugungwa muna 2025, kuti anogara kwenguva yakareba sei zvinoenderana nerudzi rwaunosarudza. Heino pfupiso pfupi yehupenyu hwese uye mashandiro aunogona kutarisira kubva kumarudzi emabhatiri emugungwa akajairika:
Lead-Acid Yakazara (Wet Cell)
- Nguva Yehupenyu:Makore matatu kusvika mashanu
- Hupenyu hweKutenderera:Kutenderera kwekuchaja kwakazara kunosvika 300–500
- Zvinyorwa:Aya ndiwo mabhatiri emumvura echinyakare—anodhura zvishoma asi anoda kugadziriswa nguva nenguva sekuiswa kwemvura pamusoro uye kuchenesa materminals. Anoshivirira kushandiswa zvisina kunaka asi haagari kwenguva yakareba sematekinoroji matsva.
Mabhatiri eAGM Marine Akavharwa
- Nguva Yehupenyu:Makore mana kusvika manomwe
- Hupenyu hweKutenderera:Mapoka angangoita 400–800
- Zvinyorwa:Mabhatiri eAGM (Absorbed Glass Mat) akavharwa, haagadziriswi, uye anopa simba rekudzivirira kuzununguka uye kuburitsa mvura yakadzika zvichienzaniswa neaya akazara nemvura. Anozivikanwa kushandiswa nemabasa maviri (kutanga + kutenderera kwakadzika).
Mabhatiri eGel
- Nguva Yehupenyu:Makore mashanu kusvika masere
- Hupenyu hweKutenderera:Kutenderera kunosvika 500–700
- Zvinyorwa:Anozivikanwa nekushanda kwakasimba uye kutsungirira kuburitsa mvura yakadzika. Mabhatiri ejeli anowanzo shandiswa muzvikepe zvine solar setups nekuda kwekugara kwenguva refu asi anonyanya kugadzikana nechaji voltage.
Mabhatiri eLithium LiFePO4 eMarine
- Nguva Yehupenyu:Makore gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu zvichikwira
- Hupenyu hweKutenderera:2,000 kusvika 5,000+ macycles
- Zvinyorwa:Mabhatiri eLithium anochinja-chinja zvinhu. Anorema zvishoma, anopa simba risingaperi, uye anogara kwenguva refu zvikuru uye ane ma cycle akawanda. BMS chaiyo (system yekugadzirisa mabhatiri) inoadzivirira kubva pakuchaja zvakanyanya uye kupisa kwakanyanya. Mutengo wekutanga wakakwira asi unoderedzwa zvakanyanya nehupenyu hwese uye mashandiro ahwo.
Chati Yekuenzanisa Nokukurumidza
| Rudzi rweBhatiri | Avhareji yeNguva Yehupenyu | Hupenyu hweKutenderera (Kutenderera Kwakazara) | Mari Inofungidzirwa Pagore* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acid yeLead-Acid Yakazara Nemvura | Makore matatu kusvika mashanu | 300 - 500 | $100 – $150 |
| Musangano Mukuru weVashandi | Makore 4 - 7 | 400 – 800 | $150 – $200 |
| Gel | Makore mashanu kusvika masere | 500 - 700 | $180 – $220 |
| Lithium LiFePO4 | Makore gumi kusvika gumi nemashanu zvichikwira | 2,000 – 5,000+ | $100 – $130 |
*Mutengo wegore unotarisa mutengo wekutenga wakapararira muhupenyu hunotarisirwa, usingasanganisire mari yekugadzirisa kana yemagetsi.
Kana uchida kugara kwenguva refu uye kushanda zvakanaka, mabhatiri e lithium LiFePO4 anotungamira nepamusana pemari yakawanda. Asi kune vanofamba nechikepe vane hanya nebhajeti, AGM kana mabhatiri ane lead-acid akachengetedzwa zvakanaka achiri kushanda—ingoronga kutsiva nekukurumidza.
Zvinhu Zvishanu Zvikuru Zvinosarudza Kuti Bhatiri Rako Rinogara Rini Chaizvo
Kuti bhatiri rako remumvura rinogara kwenguva yakareba sei harisi rerudzi rwebhatiri chete—zvinonyanya kuenderana nekuti unoribata sei. Heano zvinhu zvikuru zvinosarudza hupenyu hwaro:
1. Maitiro ekudzika kwekubuda kweropa (DoD)
Kudzikisa kwaunoita bhatiri rako kusvika rapera usati warichaja kunokanganisa zvikuru. Kugara uchiburitsa mabhatiri ane lead-acid ari pasi pe50% kunoita kuti hupenyu hwawo hupfupike nekukurumidza. Mabhatiri eLithium anobata zviri nani kubuda kwaro kwakadzika (kusvika pa20%), asi kunyangwe iwo haakundiki. Kuchengeta DoD isina kudzika zvinoreva kuti uchagara uchichaja uye hupenyu hwebhatiri hurefu.
2. Maitiro Ekuchaja (Kuchaja Zvakawandisa vs Kuchaja Zvishoma)
Kuchaja zvakanyanya — sekusiya bhatiri richichaja zvakanyanya kana kushandisa charger isiriyo — kunokuvadza maplate uye kunoomesa mabhatiri akazara nemvura. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuchaja pasi pemvura kunokonzera sulfation, izvo zvinoderedza kugona. Kushandisa charger yebhatiri yemhando yepamusoro ine tembiricha inobatsira kuchengetedza huwandu hwechaja hwakanaka.
3. Kupisa Kwakanyanya & Mamiriro Ekuchengetedza
Kupisa kunouraya mabhatiri. Kushanda kana kuchengeta mabhatiri munzvimbo dzinopisa kunoderedza hupenyu hwemabhatiri zvakanyanya. Kutonhora, kunyange zvazvo kusingakuvadzi zvakanyanya, kuchiri kukanganisa simba rekutanga uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuchaja. Chengeta mabhatiri munzvimbo inotonhorera, yakaoma uye dzivisa kutonhora nekuwachengeta achichaja munguva yekuchengetera mabhatiri munguva yechando.
4. Maitiro Ekushandisa: Kutanga vs Deep-Cycle vs Dual-Purpose
Mabhatiri ekutanga akagadzirirwa kuputika kwenguva pfupi kwemagetsi akawanda uye haadi kubuda kwemvura yakadzika. Mabhatiri emuchina we "deep-cycle" anobata madhireni anodzokororwa uye anochajazve zviri nani, saka kushandisa bhatiri rakakodzera mutoro wako kunokosha. Mabhatiri ane mabasa maviri anoedza kuita ese ari maviri asi anogona kukanganisa hupenyu hwese kana akashandiswa zvakasimba pane rimwe divi.
5. Chikamu Chekuchengetedza (kana Kushaikwa Kwacho Kwakazara)
Mabhatiri ane lead-acid akazadzwa nemvura anoda kudirirwa nguva nenguva, kucheneswa, uye kuongororwa kweterminal kuti agare kwenguva refu. Kuregeredza kugadzirisa kunokonzera ngura, kurasikirwa neelectrolyte, uye kutadza kushanda nekukurumidza. Mabhatiri eAGM, gel, uye lithium anoda kugadziriswa kushoma asi achiri kubatsirwa neterminal dzakachena, kuchaja zvakanaka, uye kuyedzwa nguva nenguva.
Mutsetse wekupedzisira:Mashandisiro aunoita, kubhadharisa, uye kutarisira bhatiri rako remugungwa zvine basa guru mukuti unowana makore mangani uye madenderedzwa mangani kupfuura kungoshandisa brand kana chemistry chete.
Mienzaniso yeHupenyu Hwenyika Yechokwadi kubva kuVaridzi Vezvikepe
Ngationei kuti mabhatiri emugungwa anogara kwenguva yakareba sei muzvigaro zvezvikepe. Mabhatiri akasiyana uye mashandisirwo aanoita zvinhu zvinokanganisa hupenyu hwebhatiri zvakanyanya.
Chikepe cheBass chine mota yekukweva (24V lithium vs AGM):
Vabati vehove dzeBass vanowanzo mhanyisa masisitimu e24V ekutyaira mota. Mabhatiri eLithium LiFePO4 anowanzo gara kwenguva refu kupfuura AGM nemamaira imwe chete pano—tarisiraMakore mana kusvika manomwe ne lithiumkana ukadzivisa kubuda ropa rakadzika, zvichienzaniswaMakore maviri kusvika matatu eAGMkana ishandiswa zvakafanana. Mabhatiri eLithium anobata mafambiro ekubata hove kakawanda uye anochaja nekukurumidza zviri nani, saka anoramba achishanda nesimba kwenguva yakareba.
cruiser ine 22–30 ft ine zvinhu zvemumba:
Mabhatiri emugungwa ane zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana—mwenje, mapombi, mafiriji—anoda mabhatiri anofamba kwenguva refu. Mabhatiri eAGM anowanzogara kwenguva refuMakore matatu kusvika mashanu, asi varidzi vachichinja kuenda ku lithium reportkusvika kumakore gumi kana kupfuura, nekuda kwehupenyu hwekufamba kwenguva refu uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekubuda kweropa. Maitiro ako ekushandisa (kupera kwevhiki vs rwendo rwakareba) ane basa guru pano.
Chikepe chidiki cheJon / kayak chine boka rimwe chete re24:
Magwa madiki anowanzo vimba nebhatiri rimwe chete reBoka 24 remugungwa kuti ritange kana kuti riite troll shoma. Mabhatiri ane lead-acid akawandisa anowanzogara kwenguva refuMakore maviri kusvika mana, kunyanya kana ichichengetwa nguva dzose. Sarudzo dzeAGM dzinowedzera gore rimwe kana maviri kana ukaramba uchidzora maitiro ekuchaja. Lithium haiwanzo kuwanikwa pano nekuda kwemutengo wayo asi inogona kuwedzera hupenyu hwemota zvakanyanya.
Chikepe chekufambisa nemhepo chine simba rezuva + chinochaja:
Magwa anoshandisa simba rinodzokororwa kuti awedzere mabhatiri ane mamiriro akasiyana. Nekuchaja kwezuva nemhepo nguva dzose, mabhatiri eAGM negel anogona kusvikaMakore mashanu kusvika manomwe, ukuwo mabhatiri e lithium achipfuuramakore gumiKuchengetedza mabhatiri akavharwa nemagetsi akachena kunodzivirira kubuda kwemvura yakadzika, zvichiita kuti hupenyu hurambe huchireba.
Mu , rudzi rwechikepe chako uye simba rinodiwa zvinonyatsoita kuti mabhatiri emugungwa agare kwenguva yakareba sei. Lithium inobatsira pakugara kwenguva refu uye hupenyu hwese, asi kuchengetedza nekushandisa zvakanaka ndizvo zvakakosha zvisinei nekuti unosarudza bhatiri ripi.
Maitiro Ekuudza Bhatiri Rako Remumvura Riri Kufa (Usati Waneta)
Kuziva zviratidzo zvekuti bhatiri rako remugungwa riri kukundikana kunogona kukudzivirira kuti usanyura mumvura. Hezvino zvekutarisira:
Zviratidzo Zvinooneka
- Kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma:Kana chikepe chako chikatadza kumutsa kana injini ikachinja zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura zvakajairika, izvozvo zvinoratidza kuti hapana chikonzero.
- Kudzikira kwevoltage:Bhatiri rine hutano rinofanira kunge richisvika mavolts gumi nemaviri nematanhatu kana ramira. Pasi pe12.2 volts zvinoreva kuti riri kupera simba.
- Nyaya yakazvimba:Kukuvadzwa nekupisa kunogona kukonzera kuti bhokisi rebhatiri rizvimbe kana kutsemuka, zvichireva kuti yave nguva yekuritsiva nekukasika.
Kuedza neZvishandiso
- Muedzo wekutakura zvinhu:Isa mutoro wakaenzana nehafu ye cold cranking amps (CCA) yebhatiri kwemasekonzi gumi nemashanu. Kana voltage ikadonha pasi pe9.6 volts, bhatiri riri kukundikana.
- Kuverengwa kwemultimeter:Tarisa voltage uchishandisa multimeter. Chero chinhu chiri pasi pe12.4 volts mushure mekushanda kwemaawa gumi nemaviri chinoratidza hutano husina kunaka.
Kumabheti Akafashamirwa: Kuverengwa kweHydrometer
- Shandisa hydrometer kuyera simba remagetsi re electrolyte riri musero rega rega. Masero ane hutano anoverenga pakati pe1.265 ne1.299.
- Kana masero rimwe kana akawanda akaonekwa ari pasi pe1.225, bhatiri rinopiswa kana kuti rakakuvara uye zvichida rava pedyo nekuguma kwehupenyu hwaro.
Bata zviratidzo izvi zvenyevero nekukurumidza, uye uchadzivirira zvinhu zvisingatarisirwi parwendo rwako rwechikepe. Kugara uchiongorora uye uchitarisa hutano hwebhatiri rako remugungwa zvinoreva kuti unofanira kuva nenguva yakawanda uchinakidzwa nemvura uye nguva shoma yekumirira rubatsiro.
Nzira 10 Dzakaratidzwa dzekuwedzera kaviri (kana katatu) hupenyu hwako hwebhatiri remumvura
Kushandisa bhatiri rako remumvura zvakanyanya hakusi kungotenga rakanakisa chete—asi mashandisiro aunoita uye matarisiro aunoita. Heano matipi gumi ari nyore uye akasimbiswa ekuwedzera hupenyu hwebhatiri rako remumvura:
| Zano | Nei Zvichikosha |
|---|---|
| Usamboburitsa mvura iri pasi pe50%(20% ye lithium) | Mabhatiri anobuda mumvura yakadzika anosakara nekukurumidza. Chengetedza mwero wakachengeteka kuti ugare kwenguva yakareba. |
| Shandisa machaja akangwara ane muripo wekupisa | Inodzivirira kubhadharisa zvakanyanya kana kusachaja zvakakwana kana kuchipisa/kutonhora. |
| Enzanisa chete kana zvichidikanwa | Kuinyanya kunogona kukuvadza mabhatiri—ita izvi kashoma pagore kana bhatiri rako richida izvozvo. |
| Chengeta materminal akachena uye akasungwa | Ngura inouraya hupenyu hwebhatiri uye inoderedza simba. |
| Chengeta pamutengo we50–70% munguva yechando | Dzivisa kubuda kwemvura yakakwana panguva yekuchengetera; inodzivirira kukuvara kunokonzerwa nechando. |
| Isa monitor yebhatiri yemhando yepamusoro | Zvinokuchengetedza uchiziva nezvehutano hwebhatiri uye zvinodzivirira zvinhu zvisingatarisirwi. |
| Simudzira ku lithium kana ukashandisa zvishandiso zvakaoma | Mabhatiri eLithium anobata cycling yakadzika zviri nani uye anogara kwenguva refu. |
| Wedzera kuchaja kwezuva | Inochengetedza bhatiri rako rakazadzwa panguva yekushanda pasina kubhadharisa zvakanyanya. |
| Shandisa chinobvisa mabhatiri kana chinochaja DC-DC pamasisitimu emabhanga maviri | Inochengetedza mabhatiri ese ari maviri achichajwa zvakanaka pasina kubvisa bhatiri rekutanga. |
| Sarudza hukuru hweboka uye kugona kwakakodzera kubva pakutanga | Kukura kwakanyanya kana kuti kwakaderera kunobvisa mabhatiri nekukurumidza uye kunokonzera kupera simba nguva isati yakwana. |
Kutevedzera mazano aya kuchakupa mari yakanakisa uye kuchakubatsira kuti usabhadhare bhatiri rapera mumvura.
Mutengo weKuva Muridzi: Yakachipa Yakazadzwa neMafashamo vs Premium Lithium Kwemakore Anopfuura 10
Kana uchifunga nezvekuti mabhatiri emugungwa anogara kwenguva yakareba sei pachikepe, mutengo wekutanga ingori kutanga. Mabhatiri e lead-acid akachipa akazara anogona kukudhura zvishoma pakutanga—kazhinji kacho ari pamadhora zana kusvika zana nemakumi mashanu ($100–$150) pabhatiri rimwe nerimwe—asi anopera nekukurumidza, kazhinji achida kutsiviwa makore matatu kusvika mashanu ega ega. Izvi zvinoreva kutenga mabhatiri maviri kana matatu mumakore gumi.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mabhatiri emhando yepamusoro e lithium marine, akaita sePROPOW 12V 100Ah LiFePO4, ane mutengo wakakwira pakutanga—kazhinji $1,000 kusvika $1,200—asi anogara kwenguva yakareba, nebhasikoro rinogara kusvika ku5,000 cycles kana makore angangoita 12. Hazvingamboiti kuti ude bhatiri rinotsiva mukati memakore gumi ekushandisa.
Heino nzira iyo mutengo unopatsanurwa nayo kwemakore gumi:
| Rudzi rweBhatiri | Mutengo Wepamberi | Kuwanda Kwekutsiva (Makore gumi) | Mutengo Wose | Mutengo unosvika pagore |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acid yeLead-Acid Yakazara Nemvura | $130 | Zvitatu zvinotsiva | $520 | $52 |
| Musangano Mukuru Wakasimbiswa | $250 | Zviviri zvinotsiva | $750 | $75 |
| PROPOW LiFePO4 Lithium | $1,100 | 0 zvinotsiva | $1,100 | $92 |
Kunyange zvazvo lithium yepamusoro-soro ingaita seinodhura, hupenyu hwayo hurefu, huremu hwayo hwakareruka, uye kushanda kwayo kuri nani zvinoreva kuti haichatsiviwi zvakanyanya uye kunetsa kushoma. Uyezve, mabhatiri ePROPOW lithium anouya neBluetooth monitoring, saka unogona kugara uchiona hutano hwebhatiri uye kugadzirisa kuchaja kwako—zvichikubatsira kuchengetedza mari yakawanda nekufamba kwenguva.
Kana ukashandisa zvishandiso zvechikepe chako nesimba kana uchida simba rakavimbika rekufamba nechikepe kana kufamba nechikepe, kuisa mari mu lithium kunobhadhara. Unowana simba rakachena, mabhatiri mashoma akafa, uye mutengo uri nani mune ramangwana, kunyanya kune vanofamba nechikepe vemuno muUS vanovimba nemabhatiri avo mwaka nemwaka.
Kana Yasvika Nguva Yokutsiva - Mabhatiri Emumvura Anokurudzirwa e2025
Kuziva nguva yekuchinjana bhatiri rako remumvura ndicho chinhu chakakosha kudzivirira matambudziko mumvura. Panosvika gore ra2025, mhando shoma dzinoonekwa dzakavimbika uye dzinokosha pamhando dzakasiyana dzemabhatiri.
Mabhatiri emugungwa akanakisa akazara nemvura
- Nyika dzakasiyana-siyana: Inoshanda nesimba rekutanga kwenguva refu uye inoshanda zvakanaka mukufamba kwenguva refu. Yakanakira vafambisi vechikepe vane mari shoma vanoda mvura inoyerera zvakanaka.
- Deka: Inozivikanwa nekugara kwenguva refu uye kugona kwayo kugara kwenguva refu mumidziyo yemunyu neyemvura yakachena. Iyi ndiyo sarudzo yepamusoro yekushandisa zvakanyanya.
Mabhatiri eAGM Marine Akanakisisa
- Odyssey: Inopa ma "cranking amps" akakwira uye inodzivirira kutenderera zvakanaka—yakanakira mvura ine simba uye magwa anoda simba.
- Nyeredzi yeNorth: AGM yepamusoro-soro ine simba rekubvisa mvura yakawanda uye inochajwa nekukurumidza, yakakodzera varidzi vemagwa vane hunyanzvi hwetekinoroji vanoda simba rakavimbika.
Kukosha Kwakanakisisa kweBhatiri reLithium Marine
- PROPOW 12V 100Ah LiFePO4: Bhatiri iri re lithium rinochinja-chinja zvinhu, rinogara kwemakore gumi nemaviri uye rinochaja zvinopfuura zviuru zvishanu. Rinouya neBluetooth monitoring saka unogona kutevera hutano hwebhatiri kubva pafoni yako. Rakanakira avo vanozovandudza kuita lithium muna 2025, kunyanya kana muchishandisa ma electronics akawanda kana ma trolling motors.
Tafura Yekusarudza Bhatiri Nekukurumidza Nerudzi rweChikepe uye Bhajeti
| Rudzi rweChikepe | Sarudzo yebhajeti | Sarudzo Yepamusoro | Kuvandudzwa kweLithium |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chikepe Chidiki cheJon/Kayak | Deka Yakazara Nemvura (Boka 24) | Mafashamo Ari Pakati Penyika | PROPOW 12V 100Ah LiFePO4 |
| Chikepe cheBass (Kukwesha) | Mafashamo epakati penyika (bhangi re24V) | Musangano Mukuru weOdyssey | PROPOW Lithium 24V Combo |
| Cruiser ine 22–30 tsoka | Deka Yakazara Nemafashamo (Chinangwa Chiviri) | Musangano Mukuru weNorthStar | PROPOW LiFePO4 12V kana 24V |
| Chikepe chekufambisa ngarava (Zuva/Mhepo) | Mafashamo Ari Pakati Penyika | Musangano Mukuru weOdyssey | PROPOW LiFePO4 neBluetooth |
Kana yasvika nguva yekutsiva, kusarudza bhatiri rakakodzera zvinoenderana nekushandiswa kwaunoita, bhajeti rako, uye kuti unoda hunyanzvi hwakadini. Mafashamo akadai seInterstate neDeka anoramba akasimba pakutanga uye kushandiswa kwakajairika, nepo sarudzo dzeAGM kubva kuOdyssey neNorthStar dzichiwedzera kuvimbika kune zvinodiwa zvakanyanya. Kana uchida kuchengetedza mari kwenguva refu uye kutarisira bhatiri zvine hungwaru, PROPOW lithium ndiyo nzira yakanaka muna 2025.
Mibvunzo Inowanzo bvunzwa Nezvehupenyu hweBhatiri reMarine
Bhatiri remugungwa rinogona kugara kwemakore gumi here?
Ehe, mamwe mabhatiri emumvura—kunyanya mamodheru emhando yepamusoro eLithium LiFePO4—anogona kugara kwemakore anosvika gumi kana kupfuura kana akachengetwa zvakanaka. Mabhatiri ekare ane lead-acid neAGM anowanzogara kwemakore matatu kusvika mashanu kana achishandiswa zvakajairika.
Zvakakodzera here kuchinja kushandisa lithium muna 2025?
Kune vazhinji vanofamba nechikepe, hongu. Mabhatiri eLithium anorarama kwenguva refu (anosvika 5,000 cycles), huremu hwakareruka, uye mashandiro ari nani. Kunyange zvazvo mutengo wekutanga wakakwira, anobhadhara nekufamba kwenguva nekutsiviwa kushoma uye kuvimbika kuri nani, kunyanya kana uchishandisa mota dzakawanda dzemagetsi kana dzetrolling.
Bhatiri remugungwa rinogara maawa mangani richishandisa magetsi?
Izvi zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwebhatiri uye simba remagetsi rinodhonzwa. Bhatiri remvura rinogara kwenguva refu rinogona kushandisa magetsi madiki kwemaawa matanhatu kusvika gumi nemaviri. Mabhatiri eLithium anogara kwenguva yakareba nehukuru hwakafanana nekuda kwehuwandu hwayo hwekushandisa. Gara uchitarisa simba remagetsi regiya rako kuti ufungidzire nguva yekushanda.
Ndinofanira kutsiva mabhatiri ese ari maviri panguva imwe chete here mugadziriro yemabhangi maviri?
Zvakanaka kutsiva mabhatiri ese ari maviri pamwe chete kana zvichibvira. Mabhatiri asina kuenzana anokwegura pamitengo yakasiyana uye anogona kukonzera matambudziko ekuchaja. Asi kana bhatiri rimwe chete rikakundikana nekukurumidza, unogona kuritsiva—ingotarisa zvakanyanya woronga kuritsiva zvizere munguva pfupi iri kutevera.
Chii chinouraya mabhatiri emugungwa nekukurumidza?
Mhondi huru ndeidzi:
- Kubuda kwakadzika zvakanyanya(inodonhedza mvura iri pasi pe50% ye lead-acid, iri pasi pe20% ye lithium)
- Maitiro asina kunaka ekuchaja(kuchaja zvakanyanya kana kubhadharisa zvishoma)
- Kupisa kwakanyanyauye kusiya mabhatiri akachengetwa akasununguka zvakakwana
- Kushaikwa kwekugadzirisasema terminals akasviba kana kuenzana kusina kurongeka
Dzivisa izvi uye uchawana makore akawanda kubva mubhatiri rako remugungwa.
Nguva yekutumira: Mbudzi-21-2025
